rostate Cancer Explained: Symptoms and Risks

By Dr. Bijan Kumar Saha, Consultant-Surgical Oncology, HCG Panda Cancer Hospital, Cuttack.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for overall well-being and can significantly influence the risk of various health conditions. Factors such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management play crucial roles in promoting health and preventing chronic diseases. As men age, being mindful of these lifestyle choices becomes increasingly important, as they can impact health outcomes in significant ways.
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men. It arises in the prostate gland, a small, walnut-sized organ located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. While many prostate cancers grow slowly and may not cause symptoms for years, some can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.

Risk Factors
Understanding the risk factors for prostate cancer can aid in early detection. One significant risk factor is age; the likelihood of developing prostate cancer increases substantially as men age, particularly after the age of 50. Family history also plays a crucial role; men with a family history of prostate cancer, especially in close relatives, face a heightened risk. Dietary choices can influence risk as well; diets that are high in red meat and dairy products may contribute to an increased risk of prostate cancer. Lastly, obesity has been linked to a higher risk of developing the disease, highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy weight.

Symptoms
In the early stages, prostate cancer often presents no noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, men may begin to experience various symptoms. Difficulty urinating is common and can manifest as a weak urine stream, frequent urination, or trouble starting and stopping urination. Pain or burning during urination may indicate infection or inflammation. Another concerning symptom is blood in urine or semen, which can be a potential sign of prostate cancer or other medical conditions. Additionally, men may experience pain in the pelvis or back, particularly if the cancer has spread to the bones. Erectile dysfunction is another symptom that can occur if cancer or its treatment affects the nerves controlling erections.

Diagnosis
If you experience any concerning symptoms, it is crucial to consult a doctor for evaluation. Diagnosing prostate cancer usually requires a series of tests. A Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) is often performed, where a healthcare professional conducts a physical examination to check for abnormalities in the prostate. The Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test is another important diagnostic tool; this blood test measures PSA levels, with elevated levels potentially indicating cancer, though other conditions can also cause increased PSA. If initial tests suggest the presence of cancer, a biopsy may be performed to examine tissue samples from the prostate, providing further insight into the diagnosis.

Treatment
Treatment for prostate cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease, its aggressiveness, and the patient’s overall health.

1. Active Surveillance: Keeping an eye on slow-growing cancers without starting treatment right away.
2. Surgery: Removing the prostate gland and some surrounding tissues, which is called a radical prostatectomy.
3. Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. This can be done from outside the body or by placing radioactive seeds inside the prostate.
4. Hormone Therapy: Lowering male hormone levels that can help the cancer grow.
5. Chemotherapy: Using medication to kill cancer cells throughout the body.

Prognosis
Prostate cancer prognosis varies by stage and aggressiveness. Early-stage cancers typically have a favourable prognosis when detected and treated promptly. Advanced prostate cancer, however, can be more challenging to manage and may result in a poorer outlook.

Prevention
While there’s no surefire way to prevent prostate cancer, certain lifestyle choices may reduce risk. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help lower risk, while regular exercise is associated with a reduced likelihood of developing cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight can further contribute to lowering the risk of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is not just a medical condition; it’s a profound challenge that affects not only men but their families and communities. As awareness grows, so too does the urgency for proactive measures—be it through early detection, lifestyle adjustments, or open conversations about health. Men must prioritize their well-being and take charge of their health destinies by understanding their risks and seeking regular screenings. Ignoring the signs or delaying action can lead to devastating consequences. The battle against prostate cancer requires vigilance, knowledge, and courage—qualities that every man should embody as they navigate this critical aspect of their health. By doing so, they not only empower themselves but also contribute to a broader movement of awareness and action, ensuring that prostate cancer does not define their future.